Jekyll2026-04-14T12:32:11+00:00http://localhost:8080/feed.xmlSMART LabAssociate Professor at Shanghai Ocean University. Researching Fisheries Acoustics, Marine Bioacoustics, and Resource Survey Techniques. Tutorial: Visualizing Porpoise Clicks (Waveform & Spectrogram)2026-01-22T15:00:00+00:002026-01-22T15:00:00+00:00http://localhost:8080/blog/2026/porpoise-clicks-tutorialThis tutorial demonstrates how to visualize the echolocation clicks of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise. We will use Python to load a .wav file, plot its time-domain waveform, and generate a spectrogram to analyze its frequency content.

1. The Audio Data

First, let’s listen to the echolocation clicks we are going to analyze.

Note: Yangtze Finless Porpoise clicks are high-frequency signals (peak energy > 100 kHz), which are well above the human hearing range (typically max 20 kHz).

  • Original Audio: You will likely hear nothing or very faint clicks because most of the energy is ultrasonic.
  • Downsampled Audio (Pitch Shifted): We have resampled the audio to 44.1 kHz (slowing it down) to shift the ultrasonic clicks into the audible range for demonstration purposes.

2. Python Implementation

We will use librosa for audio processing and matplotlib for visualization.

Requirements

pip install librosa matplotlib numpy

The Code

import librosa
import librosa.display
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
import numpy as np

# 1. Load the audio file
# sr=None preserves original high sampling rate
audio_path = 'porpoise_clicks_3s.wav'
y, sr = librosa.load(audio_path, sr=None)

# 2. Create the plot with sharex=True to lock the time axis alignment
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1, figsize=(12, 8), sharex=True)

# --- Top Plot: Waveform (Time Domain) ---
librosa.display.waveshow(y, sr=sr, ax=ax[0], color='blue')
ax[0].set_title('Time Domain Waveform (Aligned)')
ax[0].set_ylabel('Amplitude')
ax[0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

# --- Bottom Plot: Spectrogram (Frequency Domain) ---
# Use smaller n_fft and hop_length to capture sharp transient clicks
n_fft = 1024
hop_length = 256
D = librosa.amplitude_to_db(np.abs(librosa.stft(y, n_fft=n_fft, hop_length=hop_length)), ref=np.max)

# Draw spectrogram without colorbar
img = librosa.display.specshow(D, 
                               y_axis='linear', 
                               x_axis='time', 
                               sr=sr, 
                               hop_length=hop_length, 
                               ax=ax[1], 
                               cmap='inferno')

# Set frequency display range from 50,000Hz to 192,000Hz
ax[1].set_ylim([50000, 192000])

# Change Y-axis units from Hz to kHz using a Formatter
ax[1].yaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FuncFormatter(lambda x, pos: f'{x/1000:.0f}'))

ax[1].set_title('Spectrogram (50 - 192 kHz)')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Frequency (kHz)')
ax[1].set_xlabel('Time (s)')

# 3. Final layout adjustment
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Visualization Result

The code above generates the following visualization, showing the precise alignment between the click trains in the time domain and their high-frequency signatures in the spectrogram:

3. Understanding the Results

  • Waveform (Top): Shows the click trains as distinct spikes in amplitude over time. You can clearly see the rhythmic nature of the echolocation behavior.
  • Spectrogram (Bottom): Reveals the spectral energy distribution. Porpoise clicks are broadband but typically have peak energy in very high frequencies (often ultrasonic, >100 kHz), though this recording might be downsampled depending on the hydrophone used.

This tutorial serves as a basic template for acoustic data analysis in our lab.

]]>Jianfeng Tong